Development of Right to Privacy in UK Law

Development of Right to Privacy in UK Law ‘Critically evaluate how privacy is protected and what extent a right to privacy has been developed in English law.’ The law of privacy remains a fast moving and chaotic area of law, where newspapers and Courts have something new to say almost on a weekly basis[1]. However, at present there is no single comprehensive tort of privacy in statute law in the United Kingdom, the House of Lords confirmed this view in the Wainwright v Home Office[2]. Yet, even with no protected rights to privacy enshrined in domestic law, people have now never been in a better situation to protect their privacy. This essay will therefore attempt to evaluate the evidential paradox England has in relation to how individuals are protected. In order to answer the initial question of how privacy is protected, this essay will firstly address the significance of the pre-existing torts and implementation of Human Rights Act (HRA) being the â€Å"catalyst for legal change†[3]. Whilst in conjunction examining the relevant case laws which have been at the forefront of these claims. Secondly, in order to answer the latter part of the question this analysis will explore the allegations of an infringement of personal privacy that have emerged from the Campbell ruling. Lastly, it will then conclude by summarising the points made within this evaluation and a proposal into the future of the law. First off, in order to consider the extent to which privacy is protected it is important to examine the values that underpin this somewhat vague concept. Privacy by its nature consists of many differing paradigms, which vary wildly between context and environment; it is therefore difficult to rely on a single interpretation. This was emphasised by the Calcutt Committee in 1990 with the Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters who concluded that they couldn’t find â€Å"a wholly satisfactory statutory definition of privacy†[4]. The climate of uncertainty can be related to the fact that even within the 21st century; the legal definition of privacy remains in its infancy, still deriving from the 19th century Judge Cooley â€Å"the right to be let alone†[5]. What then makes Privacy law such a problematic area for journalists is the fact that journalists work to publish what is considered in the public interest, which are both eager to sell and hungry to devour any salacious information about celebrities. Nevertheless what newspaper proprietors and the public want are not considered a legitimate test[6]. Thus, creating a tense relationship between interests of privacy and interest of freedom of expression. Because there is no privacy law journalists must work within other laws which provide privacy. For the purpose of a chronological analysis into English law, the starting point concerning the debate between privacy and freedom of expression for journalists involves the era pre HRA. A pivotal case which emerged from this period was the Kaye V Robertson[7] when the actor Gordon Kaye was ‘interviewed’ and photographed by a journalist whilst he was heavily sedated and recovering from brain surgery. He was granted a legal case under malicious falsehood, even though Lord Justice Bingham acknowledged it was a â€Å"monstrous invasion of privacy†[8]. The laws of trespass and nuisance provided a slight protection against physical intrusions by the media when Kaye obtained a partial injunction; however, it evidently failed to provide protection against the publication of private facts when they have been obtained by other means. So prior to the enactment of HRA, the potential remedies available to an individual to media intrusions were severely limited and the breach of confidence was often the most useful remedy for protecting information. Recognising the problematic void within the law the British judiciary attempted to bridge the gap by adapting a pre-existing tort into a general right to privacy. Therefore breach of confidence has undergone some significant developments, extending the types of confidential information into a relevant stepping stone to decide privacy cases. Traditionally, this tort was developed in 19th century in common law to protect secrets to Albert v Strange[9], not specifically designed to protect privacy. However, Later cases including Coco v A. N. ClarkCoco v A. N. Clark Coco v A. N. Clark Coco v A. N. Clark [10] and the Spy catcher case[11] could be argued to have narrowed the area of the law down which lay the parameters for the Megarry test. This test extended privacy to where there is no relationship between the parties and that the information will likely to have damaging consequences if published. Taking the Francome v Mirror Group Newspapers[12] as an example; the defendant was able to claim damages when a journalist acquired private information by tapping the telephone of John Francome. So whilst breach of confidence no longer requires a pre-existing relationship. It can now make it entirely possible for it to become a move towards protecting privacy, as opposed to primarily protecting Confidence. Which was further emphasised in Douglas v. Hello!, Ltd[13] where actors Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones won an injunction against a tabloid magazine for publishing covertly taking photos of their wedding when the rights had already been sold to its rival. Dispending that the requirement of a relationship of confidence as Hello! were not never a party to the relationship. The crucial stage of privacy law lies with the implementation of the HRA which came into effect in October, 2000. It became clear early on that this development would be responsible for developing a legal concept of privacy beyond the law of confidentiality[14]. As whilst Breach of confidence faces us with a simple balancing exercise between how information is collected, when we turn to the HRA, we’re faced with something more complex. As in accordance with Section.1 of the HRA it contains the rights and fundamental freedoms set out in Article.8 everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life[15]. Yet, Article.10 asserts everyone has the right to freedom of expression[16] and these rights set out in both Articles are both qualified and neither article has precedence over the other blurring the line between what can be reported on. The leading case to come before the English courts post HRA was the Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd[17]. This case was concerned with two articles that were published by the Mirror on Naomi Campbell’s drug addiction and treatment. The news articles were accompanied with a covertly obtained photograph of the claimant leaving Narcotics Anonymous. The Mirror Group asserted that they should not be liable as the information published was in the public interest, since Campbell had deceived the public in regards to her drug addiction. What remains pivotal about this case is that the majority did rely upon the HRA in its decision. Furthermore, the discussions surrounding confidence laid the foundation for a new tort, which has come to be known by the name given to it by Lord Nicholls: â€Å"misuse of private information†[18]. Stating that ‘the description of information as ‘confidential’ is not altogether comfortable, information on an individualâ€⠄¢s private life would not, be called ‘confidential’. The more natural description is that such information is private and is better encapsulated now as misuse of private information[19]. By contrast, the misuse of private information is directly aligned to the protection of private information which is governed by the Data Protection Act 1998 providing regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information[20]. Meaning the claimant only needs to establish a reasonable exception to privacy with the information in question. This is a clear juxtaposition to pre HRA as the balancing act is tipping in favour of Article 8. For instance, when John Terry[21] applied for an injunction to restrain a publication of details about his extra marital affairs, the person possessing the information is referred to as ‘persons unknown’. Although, the judge did not uphold the injunction, he firmly established that if there was a real risk that intrusive details about Mr Terry’s relationship in the article, he would have ordered that publication be prohibited. The development of this breach is therefore the underlying foundations to a kind of tort of privacy. The media were therefore undoubtedly concerned about results of these cases calling for a comprehensive legislation which the media have always adamantly discouraged. As suggesting tougher sanctions on what is considered private could potentially ‘gag’ them from any form of investigative journalism in fear of legal letters over any individual who claims they have had their privacy invaded. This claim can be related to The Bureau of Investigative Journalismwho published a story about two Staffordshire NHS surgeons, Mr Hutchinson and Mr Ravikumar. These surgeons had been criticised over deaths at then Britains worst hospital and yet did still carrying out operations without patients knowing about their record. The paper that was running the story backed off running the piece due to a legal letter from the lawyers claiming the information was plainly private information[22]. Clearly, this valuable investigation should be able to be published without fear of prejudice, as ef fectively the only thing that is being hindered is the truth[23]. It seems the evolution of the judge-made law of misuse of private information has allowed less known individuals, children[24] and vulnerable adults (under the mental health act) to be protected against privacy infringements by the media. Yet, it also seems this area of law has become disproportionately swamped by vanity driven celebrities complaining about photos taken by paparazzi’s[25]. There is no disregarding the significance of the Campbell case as it has established several important precedents, but what it seems that injunctions have become only the rich and powerful are able to fend off the media. These gagging orders have stopped newspapers reporting allegations of everything from extramarital affairs to legal disputes. Premiership footballers, actors, television personalities, bankers and celebrity chefs are among those who have successfully used the courts to stop such disclosures entering the public domain[26]. So where does this leave article 10 of the HRA in rel ation to the balancing act? Because as stated earlier in this analysis neither articles have precedent over each other. Yet, these gagging orders which have become a common phenomenon is highlighting that something is failing. Take McKennitt v Ash[27] when the court ruled someones right to protect their private life outweighs someone elses freedom to tell their story it cast shadow over the media industry. So following the historic 3:2 decision in the Lords, it should now be addressed of where do we go from here? Despite some feeling that the Wainwright and Campbell case could signal a completion of the development of a new remedy in English private law. It seems that these cases have merely become a staging post on route to the evolution of a fully-fledged tort[28]. However, a A symbolic case that demonstrates the delicate balance between the right to privacy and the freedom of expression post implementation of the misuse of private information lies with the Max Mosley case[29]. This case was brought to the courts attention on the 30, March 2008 when the News of the World published an article titled â€Å"F1 Boss Has a Sick Nazi Orgy with Hookers†[30], also making reference to Mosley being a sadomasochist Sex Pervert[31]. This judgment further tipped the balance in the favour of greater privacy where there was no public interest. As clearly this article was not in the public in terest as it did not affect the job and revealing immoral behaviour is not a legitimate public interest because it does not expose illegal wrong doings. Mosley won his privacy claim and award  £60,000, although Eady J in the Mosley case stated: â€Å"It has to be recognised that no amount of damages can fully compensate the claimant for the damage done. He is hardly exaggerating when he says that his life is ruined†[32]. It could be argued that the convention is therefore intended to guarantee rights that are practical and effective so injunctions against potential life changing stories are better to be blocked than to have a remedy of a substantial pay-out. In respect to the Campbell and Mosley decision it is clear that most media organisations and lawyers will agree that privacy is now based upon a case to case basis, which must be applied through confidentiality and the Human Rights Act. Whilst the verdict came as a damaging blow to media organisations, they can take solace in the statements from the dissenting judges for example Lord Nicholls and Hoffman expressed; â€Å"from a journalistic point of view, photographs are an essential part of the story. The picture carried the message, more strongly than anything in the text alone†¦in my opinion†¦should be allowed†[33]. Some however have vented their frustration that this development of a backdoor law is â€Å"driven by a deep loathing of the popular press, the judges have long been itching to bring in a privacy law by the back door. Thus free speech is to be made conditional on the prejudices of the judiciary†[34]. The reporting on private matters only became harder when the media’s reputation went into free fall during the Leveson inquiry of 2011, following the revelation that mainstream newspaper organisations had been tapping into phones of officials, celebrities and even the deceased in order to generate content. This subsequent down fall of the media brought from the ashes a new regulatory body which itself is responsible for the protection of privacy. This Royal Charter which was proposed appears on the face of things baring similar characteristics to the press complaints commission. Yet, there are some distinctive differences. Unlike the PCC the body will be an independent from both the judiciary and the press meaning it should allow a balanced decision. Furthermore an independent regulatory body that has the power to impose heavy sanctions (capped at  £1 million) will initiate the first step of weighting right to privacy over the freedom of the press. Furthermore, this leads onto the quintessential debate of who should be developing this law? Has Parliament failed to address this issue? Mr Justice Lindsay stated in the Zeta Jones case, â€Å"Parliament has failed so far to grasp the nettle†¦if Parliament doesn’t act soon the less satisfactory course of the Courts creating a law bit by bit†[35]. However, the HRA is not the only tort which has been passed through the Houses that deals with the issue of privacy. There are a number of overlapping Acts which address this issue. For example, the theSexual Offences Act add a criminal offence to the act of voyeurism, and, theProtection from Harassment Act creates both criminal sanctions and civil remedies against harassment, to which all have been employed in the decisions made by judges. So even though David Cameron has expressed his concern and ‘unease’ about judges formulating a law. It is difficult to suggest that even though Parliament has not legislat ed on privacy issues, reviewing the evidence it would be extremely difficult to draft a new or improve our existing laws. Without moving too far away from the restraints being held over the UK for being a member of the European Union. In conclusion, the liberty of the press is indeed an essential cornerstone of a free state; and to forbid this, is to destroy democracy[36]. However, Lord Denning accepted that even though this remains an absolute right it is still subject to limitations stating â€Å"the press shouldn’t be free to ruin a reputation, break confidence or to pollute the course of justice†[37]. To a large degree most if not all journalists and judges would accept this statement as ethically factual. So after examining the evolving tort throughout this essay with the various debates which have been highlighted by both journalists and the judiciary it is clear that some progress has been made as the ‘position for victims of shameful intrusions †¦ is better now than it ever was in the past’[38]. Appeals such as Wainwright v Home Office[39] and Mosley v News Group Newspapers Ltd[40] emphasise that over the past twenty three years something fundamental has happened into how we re protected. The induction of a HRA has ultimately been the spring board that has helped develop the law of privacy that protects us today. Even though there have of course been improvements made there still remains a significant way to go in regards to privacy in English law. For instance, there still contains many inconsistencies into how article 8 is applied to cases on such a broad scale this includes the recent judgment on ZH v The Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis[41] as at trial, Sir Robert Nelson held the police liable in tort assault, battery, and false imprisonment and trespasses to the person. The judge also identified the police as having breached the HRA; inhuman and degrading treatment (article.3); deprivation of liberty (article.5); and privacy (artcle.8). Which given the past history of cases would have been dismissed by some English law judges. Finally, what this essay finds is that for every wrong there is a remedy. Trespass, Nuisance Defamation, malicious falsehood, Breach of confidence, Protection from Harassment and Data Protection Act 1998 so whilst there are piecemeal protections, why do judges or parliament need to make a grand step?[42] [1] Hertfordshire law Journal 2(2), 30 [2] [2003] UKHL 53 [3] Harris, O‘Boyle and Warbrick, 2009, p 31 [4] Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters, London: HMSO, at 7. [5] Cooley on Torts, 2nd ed (1888), p29 [6] [7] [8] Court of Appeal Kaye v Robertson and Sports Newspapers Ltd[1991] FSR 62 [9] Prince Albert –v- Strange : [1849] 1 HT 1 [10] Coco –v- A N Clark (Engineers) Limited : 1969 [RPC 41,47] [11] Attorney General –v- Guardian Newspapers [1999] 1AC 109 [12] [1984] 1 WLR 892 [13] Douglas and Zeta Jones Ors –v- Hello : [2001] QB 967, 997 CA Sedley LJ [14] Hertfordshire law Journal 2(2), 30-40 [15] [16] [17] Naomi Campbell –v-MGN Limited: [2004] UKHL 22 [18] Ibid [2004] UKHL 22 [19] Ibid [2004] UKHL 22 [20] Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review (2014) p182 [21] John Terry(previously LNS) vPersons Unknown[2010] EWHC 119 [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] British Steel Corporation v Granada Television Ltd [1981] AC 1096. [37] Ibid AC 1096 [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]

The Strengths and Weaknesses of International Law Essay -- Internation

Even after decades of relatively established pattern for the relations between the states there is still an ambiguity on the issue of state sovereignty. To which extent its’ violation could be justified? In the study of International Relations there are two major perspectives on the legitimacy of such actions, they are: liberal and realist. Whilst former advocates for this measures when the state itself violates human rights of the citizens and extended intervention is required (Kegley, 259), latter claims that the state sovereignty is the central assumption of this theoretical framework (Kegley, 28) and the actions that might infringe it are not legitimate. 2011 military intervention in Libya, intended to cease Gaddafi’s regime (UNSC), can demonstrate both of these perspectives. Moreover, it particularly highlights the presence of peacemaking actors’ responsibility to protect the human rights of civilians. Nevertheless, both realist and liberal perspectives incl ude the legitimacy of violation of the state sovereignty and at the same time reveal illegitimacy of this issue. The liberal theory emphasises the importance of non-state actors such as the political institutions, Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs), Intergovernmental Organisations (IGOs) in world politics decision-making. All of them should act according to the public international law which regulates the government-to-government relationships (Kegley, 400). Thus, when Libyan government started to suppress the riots and demonstrations of civilian population by the military means the international community became cautious about the outcomes of such policies (UNSC). Moreover, when the government failed to respond for the calls to stop the violence, the response of the Un... ...ng of international law’s efficiency. Works Cited Allen, Peter. "France Stops All Italian Trains Carrying North African Immigrants." The Telegraph. 17 Apr. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. . "Iran Profile." BBC News. BBC, 03 Feb. 2012. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. . Kegley, Charles W., and Gregory A. Raymond. The Global Future: A Brief Introduction to World Politics. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2011. Print. Schenk, Caress. Politics of Global Security: Liberal alternatives. Lecture notes. 17 Apr. 2012. United Nations Security Council. Security Council Report. Rep. United Nations, 8 Nov. 2011. Web. 28 Apr. 2012. .

Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” and Abraham lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” Essay

Of the great oral presentations this world has seen, many of them serve as an outlet for individuals to articulate their ideals and beliefs to a greater audience. The way in which great speakers such as Martin Luther King Jr and Abraham Lincoln do this is through speech elements such as rhetoric, language techniques, successful structure and also establishing a relationship with their audience. The speeches I have a Dream, and The Gettysburg Address [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMMzY1KJVeo], although performed to entirely different audiences in different contexts, share similar values and qualities. In order to gain a complete understanding of the distinctive qualities of the speeches we must first look at the context in which they were written. On August the 28th 1963, Martin Luther King Jr stood before a congregation of over 200,000 people in front of the Lincoln Memorial. It was on this day that King delivered his testimony to mankind in an effort to end black segregation within America. Despite strong opposition from the Kennedy Administration, King and his contemporaries continued with the civil rights march. Standing on the same spot as Lincoln did five score years ago, King preached similar themes of justice, equality and freedom for man. Lincolns speech came as a eulogy to those lost at the battle of Gettysburg. At the time America was at civil war and the restless crowd was desperate for inspiration from their President. He was speaking last to a crowd of 15-20,000 Northerners to honour the dead and encourage them to keep fighting the war. The context of each address has a profound impact upon their purpose and qualities. One distinct quality of Lincolns speech is that it was structured chronologically with each of the three separate paragraphs entailing the past, present and future. The lengths of the paragraphs can also be noted as a distinct quality of the Gettysburg Address, the first paragraph is quite small followed by progressive lengthening of the second and final paragraph.  This is an instrument used by Lincoln to build up his audiences attention to the climatic end to his speech where he outlines what is required for the future. This can be compared to Kings structural approach, where he uses a ladder technique to configure his points in order of ascending importance. Once again ending strongly with the line: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty we are free at last!. Rhetoric is often defined as the art of using language so as to persuade or influence others. From this we can deduce that it is a critical element of any effective speech. Certainly I have a dream and The Gettysburg Address contain powerful rhetoric techniques used to further communicate the ideas of King and Lincoln. Kings speech is based heavily around repetition. He uses this in the lines, One hundred years later, I have a dream and Let freedom ring. All repeated to gain suspense from the audience as well as emphasising his themes of equality and justice. King says them with such authority and power to further drive home the importance of these themes. Using his voice to create a sense of urgency about the issue. King also uses biblical allusion such as Gods Children and Psalm 23: Rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. This reflects his role as a Priest as well as giving evidence of Gods want of justice. The biblical allusions also give a sense of unity amongst the audience. Establishing a rapport with your audience is central to communicating your ideas in a speech, both King and Lincoln do this exceptionally. Using inclusive language such as the words we and us, Lincoln especially is able to establish an equality throughout his audience with the common purpose of freedom and victory. In his eulogy, Lincoln uses the line for those who gave their lives that the nation might live which again utilises the audiences patriotism to articulate his ideas through personification. By referring to both Lincolns Emancipation Declaration and The Declaration of Independence he was able to strongly back up his argument and appeal to the nations Patriotism as well as give historical evidence to the slow progress of equality in America. This would have a great effect on the proud Americans in his audience because a rejection of Kings values would ultimately mean for them a rejection of Americas traditional values. Without proper delivery, these two speeches wouldve been overlooked in value and would not have had the great effect they did. I believe the values implied in both texts justified by both the context and the rhetoric. Upon reaching conclusion, one realises that if not for great speakers and use of rhetoric, the ideas of significant historical figures could not be presented as well, as thus couldnt have the desired effect. Martin Luther King Jr and Abraham Lincoln were examples of this, men who, by use of manipulation of language and audience, changed the world. Bibliography 2008 Dictionary.com Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Accessed: 08/06/08-09/06/08.

Chapter 1 the Investment Environment

Chapter 1 The Investment Environment 1. 1. Real Assets versus Financial Assets (Page 30) ? Real Assets ? Determine the productive capacity and net income of the economy ? Examples: Land, buildings, machines, and knowledge used to produce goods and services ? Financial Assets ? Claims on real assets 1-2 1. 2. Financial Assets (Page 32) ? Three types: 1. Fixed income or debt Common stock or equity Derivative securities 2. 3. 1-3 Fixed Income ? ? ? ? 1-4 Payments fixed or determined by a formula Money market debt: short term, highly marketable, sually low credit risk (T-bills, certificates of deposits etc) Capital market debt: long term bonds, can be safe or risky (Treasury bonds, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, etc) Bond ratings: in terms of default risk, from very safe to junk Common Stock and Derivatives ? Common Stock is equity or ownership in a corporation. ? ? Derivatives ? ? 1-5 Payments to stockholders are not fixed, but depend on the success of the firm Value derives from pri ces of other securities such as stocks and bonds Used to transfer risk (hedge) 1. 3.Financial Markets and the Economy (page 33-36) ? ? ? ? ? 1-6 Information Role: Capital flows to companies with best prospects Consumption Timing: Use securities to store wealth and transfer consumption to the future Allocation of Risk: Investors can select securities consistent with their tastes for risk Separation of Ownership and Management: minimize the famous agency costs and maximize firm value Corporate Governance and Corporate Ethics How to reduce the agency problems (Page 34-35) ? ? ? ? 1-7 Compensation plans: bonus, stock options, etc.The power of the board of directors Outsiders’ monitor Threat of takeover: proxy contest, mergers, etc. 1. 4. The Investment Process (page 36) ? When constructing a portfolio, investors need to decide: ? ? 1-8 Asset allocation ? Choice among broad asset classes Security selection ? Choice of which securities to hold within asset class ? Security analysis to value securities and determine investment attractiveness 1. 4. The Investment Process (page 37) ? 1-9 Portfolio strategies ? Top-down: starts from asset allocation Bottom-up: starts from individual securities 1. 5. Markets are Competitive (page 37-39) ? Implications from â€Å"no-free-lunch† proposition: ? ? Risk-Return Trade-Off Efficient Markets (security prices have reflected all information) (Chapter 11-12): ? Passive management ? No attempt to find undervalued securities ? No ? attempt to time the market ? Holding a highly diversified portfolio Active Management ? ? 1-10 Finding mispriced securities Timing the market 1. 6. The Players (page 39-42) ? ? ? ? Business Firms– net borrowersHouseholds – net savers Governments – can be both borrowers and savers Financial Intermediaries: Pool and invest funds ? Investment Companies ? Banks ? Insurance companies ? Credit unions 1-11 Universal Bank Activities Investment Banking †¢ Underwrite new stock and bond issues †¢ Sell newly issued securities to public in the primary market †¢ Investors trade previously issued securities among themselves in the secondary markets Commercial Banking †¢ Take deposits and make loans †¢ †¢ 1-12 1. 7. Financial Crisis of 2008 Reading (page 42-51) 1-13

A Beginners Guide to ASP.NET Programming for Delphi developers

A Beginner's Guide to ASP.NET Programming for Delphi developers About the Course: This free online course is perfect for beginner Delphi for .NET developers as well as for those who want a broad overview of the art of ASP.NET Web programming with Borland Delphi. Developers will learn how to design, develop and debug ASP.Net web application using Borland Delphi for .Net. The chapters will cover the fundamental elements of creating Web applications (working with Web Forms, Web Services and User Controls) using Delphi, including the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and the Delphi for .Net language.Developers will get up to speed quickly through real world, practical example. The entire course is build arround the BDSWebExample ASP.NET web sample application that comes as a demo project with the Delphi 8/2005 installation. This course is aimed to those who are new to programming, come from some other development environment (like MS Visual Basic, or Java) or are new to Delphi. Prerequisites: Readers should have at least a working knowledge of the Delphi language. No previous (web) programming experience is required; being fluent in HTML and general Web development terminology as well as JavaScript should help you be more productive with the chapters.Ah, yes. Youll need to have Delphi 8/2005 for .NET installed on your computer! Recommended reading:A Beginners Guide to Delphi programming.Free online programming tutorial / course for beginner developers. Focus on Borland Delphi.Fast Forward to Delphi for .Net.A series of articles that are designed with one goal in mind: to provide a quick and dirty introduction to the world of .Net programming with Delphi.Delphi for .Net general articles.Articles and technical information that will help you start and master Delphi 8 for .NET. Find out about IL, aspx, XML Web Services, msil, ...Delphi in ASP.NET action:The power of Delphi and ASP.NETWant to build a dynamic, modular web portal using Delphi for .Net and ASP.NET? Go for the proven solutions!aspxDelphi.net PORTAL is a Delphi 8 ASP.NET application, and can be used to build (module based) intranet or Internet portal application. aspxDelphi.net STORE is a Delphi 8 ASP.NET application, and can be used to build Internet shop.Supported databases are: MS SQL Server/ MSDE and Firebird/Interbase. Warning!Make sure you download the updated version of the code (the BDSWebExample demo application). The new version has more meaningful names for Web pages, the code is cleaned up from using Free (since there is no need to free objects in .Net - the garbage collector does the job for you) and some defects. The database has not changed.Also, to follow up with the chapters it would be best if you save the project under C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\BDSWebExample! Chapters The chapters of this course are being created and updated dynamically on this site. You can find the latest chapter on the last page of this article. The chapters of this course are being created and updated dynamically on this site. Chapters (for now) include: CHAPTER 1:An introduction to ASP.NET programming with Delphi. Configuring the Cassini web server What is ASP.NET from the perspective of a Delphi developer? How to set up the Cassini sample web server. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 2:Setting up the BDSWebExample Delphi 8 (ASP.NET) demo application Getting started with the Delphi 8 BDSWebExample: restoring the database, preparing the virtual directory. Running BDSWebExample for the first time! Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 3:What makes an Delphi 8 ASP.NET application Lets see what are the main parts of an asp.net application; what are all those .aspx, .ascx, .dcuil, bdsproj, etc files. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 4: Lets see how to build a simple web application using Delphi for .Net. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 5: Examining Web Form Pages - the central elements of development in ASP.NET. A point of look from a Delphi developer perspective: What is a Web Form? Designing a Web Form, The link between the aspx file and the code-behind file, ...Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 6: Producing a simple message box (like ShowMessage; or even an InputBox) in an asp.net application can be quite difficult - as you need to mess with DHTML, JavaScript and IE object model. It would be much better if we could write only one line of code (as in traditional desktop applications) to display a MessageBox ... lets see how.Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 7:Web Forms - building blocks of an ASP.NET application (Part 2) Introducing Web Form properties, methods and events. Taking a look at the IsPostback property and postback processingDiscuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 8: Taking a look at the use of standard HTML tags and elements and the use of server-side HTML controls - from a perspective of a Delphi developer. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 9: Lets enable uploading of binary files from a client browser to the web server in ASP.NET web applications. Delphi for .Net and ASP.NET provide an easy way to accept files from the client using HTMLInputFile (HTML File Upload HTML server control) and HTTPPostedFile classes. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 10: Exploring navigation techniques between Web Form pages: postbacks, direct navigation (using the tag) and code-based navigation (using Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect). Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! The chapters of this course are being created and updated dynamically on this site. Chapters (for now) include: CHAPTER 11:Setting up the startup Web Form page for an ASP.NET application under IIS, deciding which navigation technique to use in various scenarios. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 12:Web Server controls are specifically designed to work with Web Forms pages. Find about the basic concepts, benefits and limitations of using Web Server controls in ASP.NET. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 13:Examining Control-Passing ASP.NET Web Controls: Button, ImageButton and LinkButtonThere are several web controls that enable passing of control back to the Web Server. This chapter explores web buttons - specific components that allow users to indicate that they are finished with the Web Form (post the data) or want to perform a particular command (on the server). Learn about ASP.NETs Button, LinkButton and ImageButton web controls. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 14:Taking a quick look at the TextBox ASP.NET web server control - the only control designed for user input. TextBox has several faces: single-line text entry, password entry or multi-line text entry. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 15:Understanding Web Controls for Selecting Choices in Delphi ASP.NET ApplicationsASP.NET selection controls allow users to select from a series of predefined values. This chapter explores list-type controls: CheckBox, CheckBoxList, RadioButton, RadioButtonList, DropDownList and ListBox from the perspective of a Delphi ASP.NET web developer. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 16:Introducing ASP.NET web server controls designed for visually grouping other controls together on a Web Form: Panel, Placeholder and Table (along with TableRow and TableCell). Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 17:Using Validators in Delphi ASP.NET applicationsIntroducing client-side and server-side data validation using Validation Controls: RequiredFieldValidator, RangeValidator and ValidationSummary. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 18:Find out what events (and in what order) are generated when ASP.NET receives a request for a Web Form. Learn about the ViewState - a technique ASP.NET uses to maintain page state changes across postbacks. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 19:An Introduction to Data Binding in Delphi ASP.NET ApplicationsLearn how to add information to a Web Form, by binding controls to a source of data. Learn about data binding Web Controls for selecting choices (ListBox, DropDownList, RadioButtonList, CheckBoxList, etc). Find out about IEnumerable and IList .NET interfaces. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 20:Using Binding Expressions in Delphi ASP.NET ApplicationsFind out about data-binding individual properties of a web control. Learn how to data bind plain HTML. Explore the magic of in ASP.NET. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! The chapters of this course are being created and updated dynamically on this site. Chapters (for now) include: CHAPTER 21: First steps in using the Repeater ASP.NET web server control. Learn how to data bind multi-record controls. Understanding the DataBinder class and the DataBinder.Eval method. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 22: Learn how to programmatically implement the ITemplate interface to dynamically create the ItemTemplate content for a DataList Web Server control. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 23:Developing and Using Custom User Controls in ASP.NET Very similar to Win32 Delphis TFrame objects, an ASP.NET User Control is a container for components; it can be nested within Web Forms or other User Controls. User controls offer you an easy way to split and reuse common user interface functionality across the pages of your ASP.NET Web application. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 24:Adding Advanced User Controls to a Web Page Dynamically User Controls allow a Delphi ASP.NET developer to wrap the common UI features of a web applications into reusable components. In real world applications youll want to be able to dynamically load a user control and place it on the page. What Page event should you use to LoadControl? Once on the page, how do you handle User Control events? Find the answers in this chapter ... Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter!

I can read reviews dealing with the content and criticism of cultural Essay

I can read reviews dealing with the content and criticism of cultural topics (films, theatre, books, concerts) and summarise the main points - Essay Example Like on other occasions, the entrance to this museum night event is free and with the company of my friends, the self-guided tour around it will be a thrilling experience. Further, some of the friends have intense knowledge on the history of this bank from school and they will serve well in my understanding of most of the exhibitions and the wide variety of souvenirs that exist within the museum. My visit is also motivated by my great urge to criticize and make notes on what I have observed. This will serve as a great source of relevant cultural information and knowledge about a unique element of England’s culture. From the visit, I also intend to confirm some myths like earliest paper money being made of receipt that the goldsmith was left with for safekeeping2. I also want to understand why the bank of England Museum has so much association with gold to the extent that the advertisement of this event includes people lifting a gold bar worth

EN102 Article 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EN102 2 - Article Example and learning, and others expressing concerns about possible problems in the quality of learning that students gain, and possible workload, administration and training pressures on faculty staff. The fundamental issue that the authors explore is whether learning online is better or worse for students than learning in a traditional face-to-face classroom situation. In order to find the answer to this question the authors devised a study in which student learning strategies and achievement in each of these two contexts are compared. The purpose of the article, then, is a straightforward comparison of online and face-to-face learning and it appears to prove that these two modes are equivalent in their outcomes. Before launching into their own fieldwork, the authors briefly summarize some of the large amount of literature that has been written on this field already. An important meta-analyisis by Bernard et al. (2004) is quoted, highlighting the fact that in some 200 studies on distance learning, which includes some online learning, the results were â€Å"mixed at best.† (Dell, Low and Wilker, 2010, p. 31) The authors note that Bernard’s review ends with a call for further research, and with a preliminary finding that variables like methodology and pedagogy are more important than media (i.e. combinations of online or standard teaching or books) in predicting achievement. The authors cite further studies which suggest online learning is no less effective and perhaps slightly more effective than traditional learning, but again with an emphasis on pedagogical variables such as 1) use of problem based learning strategies, 2) opportunity for mediated communication with the instruc tor, 3) course and content provided before class starting and 4) the use of video, and many more not mentioned fully. Course design, rather than delivery method, appears to be a critical factor in the literature, and it is suggested that, the design of some of the research done in this field